@title Things You Should Do Soon: Static Resources
@group sundry

Over time, you'll write more JS and CSS and eventually need to put systems in
place to manage it.

This is part of @{article:Things You Should Do Soon}, which describes
architectural problems in web applications which you should begin to consider
before you encounter them.

= Manage Dependencies Automatically =

The naive way to add static resources to a page is to include them at the top
of the page, before rendering begins, by enumerating filenames. Facebook used to
work like that:

  COUNTEREXAMPLE
  <?php

  require_js('js/base.js');
  require_js('js/utils.js');
  require_js('js/ajax.js');
  require_js('js/dialog.js');
  // ...

This was okay for a while but had become unmanageable by 2007. Because
dependencies were managed completely manually and you had to explicitly list
every file you needed in the right order, everyone copy-pasted a giant block
of this stuff into every page. The major problem this created was that each page
pulled in way too much JS, which slowed down frontend performance.

We moved to a system (called //Haste//) which declared JS dependencies in the
files using a docblock-like header:

  /**
   * @provides dialog
   * @requires utils ajax base
   */

We annotated files manually, although theoretically you could use static
analysis instead (we couldn't realistically do that, our JS was pretty
unstructured). This allowed us to pull in the entire dependency chain of
component with one call:

  require_static('dialog');

...instead of copy-pasting every dependency.


= Include When Used =

The other part of this problem was that all the resources were required at the
top of the page instead of when they were actually used. This meant two things:

  - you needed to include every resource that //could ever// appear on a page;
  - if you were adding something new to 2+ pages, you had a strong incentive to
    put it in base.js.

So every page pulled in a bunch of silly stuff like the CAPTCHA code (because
there was one obscure workflow involving unverified users which could
theoretically show any user a CAPTCHA on any page) and every random thing anyone
had stuck in base.js.

We moved to a system where JS and CSS tags were output **after** page rendering
had run instead (they still appeared at the top of the page, they were just
prepended rather than appended before being output to the browser -- there are
some complexities here, but they are beyond the immediate scope), so
require_static() could appear anywhere in the code. Then we moved all the
require_static() calls to be proximate to their use sites (so dialog rendering
code would pull in dialog-related CSS and JS, for example, not any page which
might need a dialog), and split base.js into a bunch of smaller files.


= Packaging =

The biggest frontend performance killer in most cases is the raw number of HTTP
requests, and the biggest hammer for addressing it is to package related JS
and CSS into larger files, so you send down all the core JS code in one big file
instead of a lot of smaller ones. Once the other groundwork is in place, this is
a relatively easy change. We started with manual package definitions and
eventually moved to automatic generation based on production data.


= Caches and Serving Content =

In the simplest implementation of static resources, you write out a raw JS tag
with something like `src="/js/base.js"`. This will break disastrously as you
scale, because clients will be running with stale versions of resources. There
are bunch of subtle problems (especially once you have a CDN), but the big one
is that if a user is browsing your site as you push/deploy, their client will
not make requests for the resources they already have in cache, so even if your
servers respond correctly to If-None-Match (ETags) and If-Modified-Since
(Expires) the site will appear completely broken to everyone who was using it
when you push a breaking change to static resources.

The best way to solve this problem is to version your resources in the URI,
so each version of a resource has a unique URI:

  rsrc/af04d14/js/base.js

When you push, users will receive pages which reference the new URI so their
browsers will retrieve it.

**But**, there's a big problem, once you have a bunch of web frontends:

While you're pushing, a user may make a request which is handled by a server
running the new version of the code, which delivers a page with a new resource
URI. Their browser then makes a request for the new resource, but that request
is routed to a server which has not been pushed yet, which delivers an old
version of the resource. They now have a poisoned cache: old resource data for
a new resource URI.

You can do a lot of clever things to solve this, but the solution we chose at
Facebook was to serve resources out of a database instead of off disk. Before a
push begins, new resources are written to the database so that every server is
able to satisfy both old and new resource requests.

This also made it relatively easy to do processing steps (like stripping
comments and whitespace) in one place, and just insert a minified/processed
version of CSS and JS into the database.

= Reference Implementation: Celerity =

Some of the ideas discussed here are implemented in Phabricator's //Celerity//
system, which is essentially a simplified version of the //Haste// system used
by Facebook.