..
  Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the structure is
  determined from the succession of headings. However, this convention is used in Python’s
  Style Guide for documenting which you may follow:

  # with overline, for parts
  * for chapters
  = for sections
  - for subsections
  ^ for subsubsections
  " for paragraphs


#########################
Working with repositories
#########################

Listing all snapshots
=====================

Now, you can list all the snapshots stored in the repository. The size column
only exists for snapshots created using restic 0.17.0 or later. It reflects the
size of the contained files at the time when the snapshot was created.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots
    enter password for repository:
    ID        Date                 Host    Tags   Directory        Size
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    40dc1520  2015-05-08 21:38:30  kasimir        /home/user/work  20.643GiB
    79766175  2015-05-08 21:40:19  kasimir        /home/user/work  20.645GiB
    bdbd3439  2015-05-08 21:45:17  luigi          /home/art        3.141GiB
    590c8fc8  2015-05-08 21:47:38  kazik          /srv             580.200MiB
    9f0bc19e  2015-05-08 21:46:11  luigi          /srv             572.180MiB

You can filter the listing by directory path:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --path="/srv"
    enter password for repository:
    ID        Date                 Host    Tags   Directory  Size
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    590c8fc8  2015-05-08 21:47:38  kazik          /srv       580.200MiB
    9f0bc19e  2015-05-08 21:46:11  luigi          /srv       572.180MiB

Or filter by host:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --host luigi
    enter password for repository:
    ID        Date                 Host    Tags   Directory  Size
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    bdbd3439  2015-05-08 21:45:17  luigi          /home/art  3.141GiB
    9f0bc19e  2015-05-08 21:46:11  luigi          /srv       572.180MiB

Combining filters is also possible.

Furthermore you can group the output by the same filters (host, paths, tags):

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --group-by host

    enter password for repository:
    snapshots for (host [kasimir])
    ID        Date                 Host    Tags   Directory        Size
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    40dc1520  2015-05-08 21:38:30  kasimir        /home/user/work  20.643GiB
    79766175  2015-05-08 21:40:19  kasimir        /home/user/work  20.645GiB
    2 snapshots
    snapshots for (host [luigi])
    ID        Date                 Host    Tags   Directory  Size
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    bdbd3439  2015-05-08 21:45:17  luigi          /home/art  3.141GiB
    9f0bc19e  2015-05-08 21:46:11  luigi          /srv       572.180MiB
    2 snapshots
    snapshots for (host [kazik])
    ID        Date                 Host    Tags   Directory  Size
    -------------------------------------------------------------------
    590c8fc8  2015-05-08 21:47:38  kazik          /srv       580.200MiB
    1 snapshots


Listing files in a snapshot
===========================

To get a list of the files in a specific snapshot you can use the ``ls`` command:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls 073a90db

    snapshot 073a90db of [/home/user/work.txt] filtered by [] at 2024-01-21 16:51:18.474558607 +0100 CET):
    /home
    /home/user
    /home/user/work.txt

The special snapshot ID ``latest`` can be used to list files and directories of the latest snapshot in the repository.
The ``--host`` flag can be used in conjunction to select the latest snapshot originating from a certain host only.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls --host kasimir latest

    snapshot 073a90db of [/home/user/work.txt] filtered by [] at 2024-01-21 16:51:18.474558607 +0100 CET):
    /home
    /home/user
    /home/user/work.txt

By default, ``ls`` prints all files in a snapshot.

File listings can optionally be filtered by directories. Any positional arguments after the snapshot ID are interpreted
as absolute directory paths, and only files inside those directories will be listed. Files in subdirectories are not
listed when filtering by directories. If the ``--recursive`` flag is used, then subdirectories are also included.
Any directory paths specified must be absolute (starting with a path separator); paths use the forward slash '/'
as separator.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls latest /home

    snapshot 073a90db of [/home/user/work.txt] filtered by [/home] at 2024-01-21 16:51:18.474558607 +0100 CET):
    /home
    /home/user

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls --recursive latest /home

    snapshot 073a90db of [/home/user/work.txt] filtered by [/home] at 2024-01-21 16:51:18.474558607 +0100 CET):
    /home
    /home/user
    /home/user/work.txt

To show more details about the files in a snapshot, you can use the ``--long`` option.  The columns include
file permissions, UID, GID, file size, modification time and file path. For scripting usage, the
``ls`` command supports the ``--json`` flag; the JSON output format is described at :ref:`ls json`.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls --long latest

    snapshot 073a90db of [/home/user/work.txt] filtered by [] at 2024-01-21 16:51:18.474558607 +0100 CET):
    drwxr-xr-x     0     0      0 2024-01-21 16:50:52 /home
    drwxr-xr-x     0     0      0 2024-01-21 16:51:03 /home/user
    -rw-r--r--     0     0     18 2024-01-21 16:51:03 /home/user/work.txt

NCDU (NCurses Disk Usage) is a tool to analyse disk usage of directories. The ``ls`` command supports
outputting information about a snapshot in the NCDU format using the ``--ncdu`` option.

You can use it as follows: ``restic ls latest --ncdu | ncdu -f -``

You can use the options ``--sort`` and ``--reverse`` to tailor ``ls`` output to your needs.
``--sort`` can be one of ``name | size | time=mtime | atime | ctime | extension``. The default
sorting option is ``name``. The sorting order can be reversed by specifying ``--reverse``.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls --long latest --sort size --reverse

    snapshot 711b0bb6 of [/tmp/restic] at 2025-02-03 08:16:05.310764668 +0000 UTC filtered by []:
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000  16772 2025-02-03 08:09:11 /tmp/restic/cmd_find.go
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000   3077 2025-02-03 08:15:46 /tmp/restic/conf.py
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000   2834 2025-02-03 08:09:35 /tmp/restic/find.go
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000   1473 2025-02-03 08:15:30 /tmp/restic/010_introduction.rst
    drwxrwxr-x  1000  1000      0 2025-02-03 08:15:46 /tmp/restic
    dtrwxrwxrwx     0     0      0 2025-02-03 08:14:22 /tmp

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls --long latest --sort time

    snapshot 711b0bb6 of [/tmp/restic] at 2025-02-03 08:16:05.310764668 +0000 UTC filtered by []:
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000  16772 2025-02-03 08:09:11 /tmp/restic/cmd_find.go
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000   2834 2025-02-03 08:09:35 /tmp/restic/find.go
    dtrwxrwxrwx     0     0      0 2025-02-03 08:14:22 /tmp
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000   1473 2025-02-03 08:15:30 /tmp/restic/010_introduction.rst
    drwxrwxr-x  1000  1000      0 2025-02-03 08:15:46 /tmp/restic
    -rw-rw-r--  1000  1000   3077 2025-02-03 08:15:46 /tmp/restic/conf.py

Sorting works with option ``--json`` as well. Sorting and option ``--ncdu`` are mutually exclusive.
It works also without specifying the option ``--long``.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic ls latest --sort extension

    snapshot 711b0bb6 of [/tmp/restic] at 2025-02-03 08:16:05.310764668 +0000 UTC filtered by []:
    /tmp
    /tmp/restic
    /tmp/restic/cmd_find.go
    /tmp/restic/find.go
    /tmp/restic/conf.py
    /tmp/restic/010_introduction.rst


Copying snapshots between repositories
======================================

In case you want to transfer snapshots between two repositories, for
example from a local to a remote repository, you can use the ``copy`` command:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo
    repository d6504c63 opened successfully
    repository 3dd0878c opened successfully

    snapshot 410b18a2 of [/home/user/work] at 2020-06-09 23:15:57.305305 +0200 CEST by user@kasimir
      copy started, this may take a while...
    snapshot 7a746a07 saved

    snapshot 4e5d5487 of [/home/user/work] at 2020-05-01 22:44:07.012113 +0200 CEST by user@kasimir
    skipping snapshot 4e5d5487, was already copied to snapshot 50eb62b7

The example command copies all snapshots from the source repository
``/srv/restic-repo`` to the destination repository ``/srv/restic-repo-copy``.
Snapshots which have previously been copied between repositories will
be skipped by later copy runs.

.. important:: This process will have to both download (read) and upload (write)
    the entire snapshot(s) due to the different encryption keys used in the
    source and destination repository. This *may incur higher bandwidth usage
    and costs* than expected during normal backup runs.

.. important:: The copying process does not re-chunk files, which may break
    deduplication between the files copied and files already stored in the
    destination repository. This means that copied files, which existed in
    both the source and destination repository, *may occupy up to twice their
    space* in the destination repository. See below for how to avoid this.

The source repository is specified with ``--from-repo`` or can be read
from a file specified via ``--from-repository-file``. Both of these options
can also be set as environment variables ``$RESTIC_FROM_REPOSITORY`` or
``$RESTIC_FROM_REPOSITORY_FILE``, respectively. For the source repository
the password can be read from a file ``--from-password-file`` or from a command
``--from-password-command``.
Alternatively the environment variables ``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD_COMMAND`` and
``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD_FILE`` can be used. It is also possible to directly
pass the password via ``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD``. The key which should be used
for decryption can be selected by passing its ID via the flag ``--from-key-hint``
or the environment variable ``$RESTIC_FROM_KEY_HINT``.

.. note:: In case the source and destination repository use the same backend,
    the configuration options and environment variables used to configure the
    backend may apply to both repositories – for example it might not be
    possible to specify different accounts for the source and destination
    repository. You can avoid this limitation by using the rclone backend
    along with remotes which are configured in rclone.

.. note:: If `copy` is aborted, `copy` will resume the interrupted copying when it is run again. It's possible that up to 10 minutes of progress can be lost because the repository index is only updated from time to time.

.. _copy-filtering-snapshots:

Filtering snapshots to copy
---------------------------

The list of snapshots to copy can be filtered by host, path in the backup
and/or a comma-separated tag list:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo --host luigi --path /srv --tag foo,bar

It is also possible to explicitly specify the list of snapshots to copy, in
which case only these instead of all snapshots will be copied:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo 410b18a2 4e5d5487 latest

Ensuring deduplication for copied snapshots
-------------------------------------------

Even though the copy command can transfer snapshots between arbitrary repositories,
deduplication between snapshots from the source and destination repository may not work.
To ensure proper deduplication, both repositories have to use the same parameters for
splitting large files into smaller chunks, which requires additional setup steps. With
the same parameters restic will for both repositories split identical files into
identical chunks and therefore deduplication also works for snapshots copied between
these repositories.

The chunker parameters are generated once when creating a new (destination) repository.
That is for a copy destination repository we have to instruct restic to initialize it
using the same chunker parameters as the source repository:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy init --from-repo /srv/restic-repo --copy-chunker-params

Note that it is not possible to change the chunker parameters of an existing repository.


Removing files from snapshots
=============================

Snapshots sometimes turn out to include more files than intended. Instead of
removing the snapshots entirely and running the corresponding backup commands
again (which is not always practical after the fact) it is possible to remove
the unwanted files from affected snapshots by rewriting them using the
``rewrite`` command:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo rewrite --exclude secret-file
    repository c881945a opened (repository version 2) successfully

    snapshot 6160ddb2 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-06-12 16:01:28.406630608 +0200 CEST by user@kasimir
    excluding /home/user/work/secret-file
    saved new snapshot b6aee1ff

    snapshot 4fbaf325 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-05-01 11:22:26.500093107 +0200 CEST by user@kasimir

    modified 1 snapshots

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo rewrite --exclude secret-file 6160ddb2
    repository c881945a opened (repository version 2) successfully

    snapshot 6160ddb2 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-06-12 16:01:28.406630608 +0200 CEST by user@kasimir
    excluding /home/user/work/secret-file
    new snapshot saved as b6aee1ff

    modified 1 snapshots

The options ``--exclude``, ``--exclude-file``, ``--iexclude`` and
``--iexclude-file`` are supported. They behave the same way as for the backup
command, see :ref:`backup-excluding-files` for details.

It is possible to rewrite only a subset of snapshots by filtering them the same
way as for the ``copy`` command, see :ref:`copy-filtering-snapshots`.

The option ``--snapshot-summary`` can be used to attach summary data to existing
snapshots that do not have this information. When a snapshot summary is created
the only fields added are ``TotalFilesProcessed`` and ``TotalBytesProcessed``.

By default, the ``rewrite`` command will keep the original snapshots and create
new ones for every snapshot which was modified during rewriting. The new
snapshots are marked with the tag ``rewrite`` to distinguish them from the
original, untouched snapshots.

Alternatively, you can use the ``--forget`` option to immediately remove the
original snapshots. In this case, no tag is added to the new snapshots. Please
note that this only removes the snapshots and not the actual data stored in the
repository. Run the ``prune`` command afterwards to remove the now unreferenced
data (just like when having used the ``forget`` command).

In order to preview the changes which ``rewrite`` would make, you can use the
``--dry-run`` option. This will simulate the rewriting process without actually
modifying the repository. Instead restic will only print the actions it would
perform.

.. note:: The ``rewrite`` command verifies that it does not modify snapshots in
    unexpected ways and fails with an ``cannot encode tree at "[...]" without loosing information``
    error otherwise. This can occur when rewriting a snapshot created by a newer
    version of restic or some third-party implementation.

    To convert a snapshot into the format expected by the ``rewrite`` command
    use ``restic repair snapshots <snapshotID>``.

Modifying metadata of snapshots
===============================

Sometimes it may be desirable to change the metadata of an existing snapshot.
Currently, rewriting the hostname and the time of the backup is supported.
This is possible using the ``rewrite`` command with the option ``--new-host`` followed by the desired new hostname or the option ``--new-time`` followed by the desired new timestamp.

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic rewrite --new-host newhost --new-time "1999-01-01 11:11:11"

    repository b7dbade3 opened (version 2, compression level auto)
    [0:00] 100.00%  1 / 1 index files loaded

    snapshot 8ed674f4 of [/path/to/abc.txt] at 2023-11-27 21:57:52.439139291 +0100 CET by user@kasimir
    setting time to 1999-01-01 11:11:11 +0100 CET
    setting host to newhost
    saved new snapshot c05da643

    modified 1 snapshots


.. _checking-integrity:

Checking integrity and consistency
==================================

Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard
drive, or even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify the
files in your repository with the intention to make you restore
malicious data:

.. code-block:: console

    $ echo "boom" > /srv/restic-repo/index/de30f3231ca2e6a59af4aa84216dfe2ef7339c549dc11b09b84000997b139628

Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above
will yield an error:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo --no-cache restore c23e491f --target /tmp/restore-work
    ...
    Fatal: unable to load index de30f323: load <index/de30f3231c>: invalid data returned

In order to detect these things before they become a problem, it's a
good idea to regularly use the ``check`` command to test whether your
repository is healthy and consistent, and that your precious backup
data is unharmed. There are two types of checks that can be performed:

- Structural consistency and integrity, e.g. snapshots, trees and pack files (default)
- Integrity of the actual data that you backed up (enabled with flags, see below)

To verify the structure of the repository, issue the ``check`` command.
If the repository is damaged like in the example above, ``check`` will
detect this and yield the same error as when you tried to restore:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check
    ...
    load indexes
    error: error loading index de30f3231ca2e6a59af4aa84216dfe2ef7339c549dc11b09b84000997b139628: LoadRaw(<index/de30f3231c>): invalid data returned

    The repository index is damaged and must be repaired. You must run `restic repair index' to correct this.

    Fatal: repository contains errors

.. warning::

    If ``check`` reports an error in the repository, then you must repair the repository.
    As long as a repository is damaged, restoring some files or directories will fail. New
    snapshots are not guaranteed to be restorable either.

    For instructions how to repair a damaged repository, see the :ref:`troubleshooting`
    section or follow the instructions provided by the ``check`` command.

If the repository structure is intact, restic will show that ``no errors were found``:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /src/restic-repo check
    ...
    load indexes
    check all packs
    check snapshots, trees and blobs
    no errors were found

By default, check creates a new temporary cache directory to verify that the
data stored in the repository is intact. To reuse the existing cache, you can
use the ``--with-cache`` flag.

If the cache directory is not explicitly set, then ``check`` creates its
temporary cache directory in the temporary directory, see :ref:`temporary_files`.
Otherwise, the specified cache directory is used, as described in :ref:`caching`.

By default, the ``check`` command does not verify that the actual pack files
on disk in the repository are unmodified, because doing so requires reading
a copy of every pack file in the repository. To tell restic to also verify the
integrity of the pack files in the repository, use the ``--read-data`` flag:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data
    ...
    load indexes
    check all packs
    check snapshots, trees and blobs
    read all data
    [0:00] 100.00%  3 / 3 items
    duration: 0:00
    no errors were found

.. note:: Since ``--read-data`` has to download all pack files in the
    repository, beware that it might incur higher bandwidth costs than usual
    and also that it takes more time than the default ``check``.

Alternatively, use the ``--read-data-subset`` parameter to check only a subset
of the repository pack files at a time. It supports three ways to select a
subset. One selects a specific part of pack files, the second and third
selects a random subset of the pack files by the given percentage or size.

Use ``--read-data-subset=n/t`` to check a specific part of the repository pack
files at a time. The parameter takes two values, ``n`` and ``t``. When the check
command runs, all pack files in the repository are logically divided in ``t``
(roughly equal) groups, and only files that belong to group number ``n`` are
checked. For example, the following commands check all repository pack files
over 5 separate invocations:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=1/5
    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=2/5
    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=3/5
    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=4/5
    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=5/5

Use ``--read-data-subset=x%`` to check a randomly chosen subset of the
repository pack files. It takes one parameter, ``x``, the percentage of
pack files to check as an integer or floating point number. This will not
guarantee to cover all available pack files after sufficient runs, but it is
easy to automate checking a small subset of data after each backup. For a
floating point value the following command may be used:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=2.5%

When checking bigger subsets you most likely want to specify the percentage
as an integer:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10%

Use ``--read-data-subset=nS`` to check a randomly chosen subset of the
repository pack files. It takes one parameter, ``nS``, where 'n' is a whole
number representing file size and 'S' is the unit of file size (K/M/G/T) of
pack files to check. Behind the scenes, the specified size will be converted
to percentage of the total repository size. The behaviour of the check command
following this conversion will be the same as the percentage option above. For
a file size value the following command may be used:

.. code-block:: console

    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=50M
    $ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10G


Upgrading the repository format version
=======================================

Repositories created using earlier restic versions use an older repository
format version and have to be upgraded to allow using all new features.
Upgrading must be done explicitly as a newer repository version increases the
minimum restic version required to access the repository. For example the
repository format version 2 is only readable using restic 0.14.0 or newer.

Upgrading to repository version 2 is a two step process: first run
``migrate upgrade_repo_v2`` which will check the repository integrity and
then upgrade the repository version. Repository problems must be corrected
before the migration will be possible. After the migration is complete, run
``prune`` to compress the repository metadata. To limit the amount of data
rewritten in at once, you can use the ``prune --max-repack-size size``
parameter, see :ref:`customize-pruning` for more details.

File contents stored in the repository will not be rewritten, data from new
backups will be compressed. Over time more and more of the repository will
be compressed. To speed up this process and compress all not yet compressed
data, you can run ``prune --repack-uncompressed``. When you plan to create
your backups with maximum compression, you should also add the
``--compression max`` flag to the prune command. For already backed up data,
the compression level cannot be changed later on.
